The Cyc project, started in 1984, created the first large-scale database of commonsense knowledge. The initiative continues to this day with its aim to provide a comprehensive ontology and knowledge base of commonsense knowledge to enable human-like reasoning for AI systems. In the concluding paragraph of his Communications of the Association of Computing Machinery (CACM) 1995 article A Large-Scale Investment in Knowledge Infrastructure [52], Cyc's founder Douglas B. Lenat wrote: Is Cyc necessary? How far would a user get with something simpler than Cyc but that lacks everyday commonsense knowledge? Nobody knows; the question will be settled empirically. Our guess is most of these applications will eventually tap the synergy in a suite of sources (including neural nets and decision theory), one of which will be Cyc. Although 30 years have passed since the above article was written, AI research community has not conclusively settled [10] the question "How far would a user get with something simpler than Cyc but that lacks everyday commonsense knowledge?" However, it is clear that significant strides have been made in addressing many of the tasks that were original Cyc use cases, including information retrieval, semi-automatically linking multiple heterogeneous external information sources, spelling and grammar correction, machine translation, natural language understanding and speech understanding.

Making good decisions is a very important part of constructing One way to deal with or preempt failure in such a good Artificial Intelligence (AI). However, there is system is to use preferences and rule-based decisionmaking an important distinction between decision-making itself and (Dietrich and List 2013). For example, in the field reasoning about decision-making, similarly to the distinction of moral reasoning, there is value-based decision-making between (normative) ethics and metaethics. We believe with a rule-based implementation (Badea 2020). The focus more focus in the areas of automated decision-making, anticipatory of such works is generally on the preference ordering on the thinking and cognitive systems ought to be explicitly values (the Representation step we discuss below), or on the given to discussing and deciding upon the characteristics ordering on the rules (the Reasoning step below). We will of good decision-making systems and how best to build use this implementation from (Badea 2020) as a running example them.

AI Researcher, Cognitive Technologist Inventor - AI Thinking, Think Chain Innovator - AIOT, XAI, Autonomous Cars, IIOT Founder Fisheyebox Spatial Computing Savant, Transformative Leader, Industry X.0 Practitioner What's the difference between a knowledge based system and an expert system? KBS/ES Knowledge Bases Automated reasoning engines (Inference engines, theorem provers, classifiers), - "expert system" refers to the type of task the system is trying to assist with – to replace or aid a human expert in a complex task requiring expert knowledge; - "knowledge-based system" refers to the architecture of the system – that it represents knowledge explicitly, rather than as procedural code; While the earliest knowledge-based systems were almost all expert systems, the same tools and architectures can and have since been used for a whole host of other types of systems. Virtually all expert systems are knowledge-based systems, but many knowledge-based systems are not expert systems. Expert systems is going as a computer system emulating the decision-making ability of a human expert, solve complex problems by reasoning through bodies of knowledge, represented mainly as if-then rules rather than through conventional procedural code. The knowledge base represents facts and rules about the world, via KRR formalisms, as ontologies, frames, conceptual graphs or logical assertions.

Knowledge representation and reasoning (KRR) is one of the key areas in artificial intelligence (AI) field. It is intended to represent the world knowledge in formal languages (e.g., Prolog, SPARQL) and then enhance the expert systems to perform querying and inference tasks. Currently, constructing large scale knowledge bases (KBs) with high quality is prohibited by the fact that the construction process requires many qualified knowledge engineers who not only understand the domain-specific knowledge but also have sufficient skills in knowledge representation. Unfortunately, qualified knowledge engineers are in short supply. Therefore, it would be very useful to build a tool that allows the user to construct and query the KB simply via text. Although there is a number of systems developed for knowledge extraction and question answering, they mainly fail in that these system don't achieve high enough accuracy whereas KRR is highly sensitive to erroneous data. In this thesis proposal, I will present Knowledge Authoring Logic Machine (KALM), a rule-based system which allows the user to author knowledge and query the KB in text. The experimental results show that KALM achieved superior accuracy in knowledge authoring and question answering as compared to the state-of-the-art systems.

Reinforcement learning (RL) agents aim at learning by interacting with an environment, and are not designed for representing or reasoning with declarative knowledge. Knowledge representation and reasoning (KRR) paradigms are strong in declarative KRR tasks, but are ill-equipped to learn from such experiences. In this work, we integrate logical-probabilistic KRR with model-based RL, enabling agents to simultaneously reason with declarative knowledge and learn from interaction experiences. The knowledge from humans and RL is unified and used for dynamically computing task-specific planning models under potentially new environments. Experiments were conducted using a mobile robot working on dialog, navigation, and delivery tasks. Results show significant improvements, in comparison to existing model-based RL methods.

The rapidly developing field of diagrammatic knowledge representation and reasoning is surveyed. The origins and rationale of the field, basic principles and methodologies, as well as selected applications are discussed. Closely related areas, like visual languages, data presentation, and visualization are briefly introduced as well. Basic sources of material for further study are indicated.

ARCOE-Logic 2014, the 6th International Workshop on Acquisition, Representation and Reasoning about Context with Logic, was held in co-location with the 19th International Conference on Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management (EKAW 2014) on November 25, 2014 in Link\"oping, Sweden. These notes contain the five papers which were accepted and presented at the workshop.

Entities in two-dimensional space are often approximated using rectangles that are parallel to the two axes that define the space, so-called minimum-bounding rectangles (MBRs). MBRs are popular in Computer Vision and other areas as they are easy to obtain and easy to represent. In the area of Qualitative Spatial Reasoning, many different spatial representations are based on MBRs. Surprisingly, there has been no such representation proposed for general rectangles, i.e., rectangles that can have any angle, nor for general solid rectangles (GSRs) that cannot penetrate each other. GSRs are often used in computer graphics and computer games, such as Angry Birds, where they form the building blocks of more complicated structures. In order to represent and reason about these structures, we need a spatial representation that allows us to use GSRs as the basic spatial entities. In this paper we develop and analyze a qualitative spatial representation for GSRs. We apply our representation and the corresponding reasoning methods to solve a very interesting practical problem: Assuming we want to detect GSRs in computer games, but computer vision can only detect MBRs. How can we infer the GSRs from the given MBRs? We evaluate our solution and test its usefulness in a real gaming scenario.

Ontologies are not only becoming a widespread formalism to create the knowledge base of current intelligent and semantic systems, but they are also suitable for modeling context information in ubiquitous applications, which require expressive representation and reasoning languages. In this paper, we discuss different approaches for ontological context management, as well as a proposal to represent and exploit significance-based relations with standard and fuzzy ontologies.

Cluedo) serves as a fun when it comes to designing an optimal (or even practicable) focus problem for this introduction to propositional knowledge solution. The potential solutions also touch on many representation and reasoning. After covering fundamentals areas of AI, so the students can be creative in applying and of propositional logic, students first solve basic synthesizing what they've learned to a new problem. The logic problems with and without the aid of a satisfiability three challenges give the students the opportunity to choose solver (e.g.